Perpustakaan Digital ITB

Triclosan (5–chloro–2–(2,4–dichlorophenoxy) phenol) is a biocidal compound that is often added to various household health products (PKRT) and cosmetics which are widely used by the public. In accordance with regulatory provisions in Indonesia, triclosan is included in the preservative allowed for use in cosmetics with a maximum use limit of 0.3% as well as an active component in several PKRT products such as washing agents, cleaning agents, antiseptic and disinfectant. Triclosan is considered as a substance with a high risk of exposure and is likely to cause health problems in the exposed population. However, this possibility can only be estimated if the risk characteristics of triclosan have been known quantitatively. Calculation of risk characteristics require hazard characteristic and actual exposure levels in the exposed population. The population studied is residents who live in the areas of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (JABODETABEK). This region can represent Indonesia in terms of the use of PKRT and cosmetic products. The population in this region is assumed to use PKRT products and cosmetics in higher quantities and more frequently and hence their exposure level will be higher than other regions in Indonesia. In conducting an exposure assessment, it would be safer to choose a population with a higher exposure level (overestimate) than a population with low exposure level. This study aims to obtain an appropriate exposure assessment model for triclosan and can be applied to calculate the actual level of triclosan exposure due to the use of household products and cosmetics which can be used to estimate the risk characteristics / impact of triclosan on public health in Indonesia. This research includes several stages, according to the steps needed in conducting an exposure assessment and begins with online data search, including the identification of various PKRT and cosmetic products containing triclosan based on data on product labels. PKRT product data and cosmetics containing triclosan were also confirmed through direct field observation at the point of sale of the product. This stage is followed by distributing questionnaires, both online and directly to respondents, which are designed to obtain data on respondent characteristics as well as data on the use of various household products and cosmetics by consumers, particularly those specific to the population being studied. Body weight, frequency and duration of use, and quantity of household products and cosmetics at once application are required populationspecific factors. Data related to the duration of use and the quantity of the product at once application were cross-checked with the experimental use of the product by volunteers. In the next stage, triclosan was determined in samples of household products and cosmetics using the HPLC method which was preceded by verification of the method. In the final stage, data on body weight, frequency, duration of use, and quantity of PKRT and cosmetic products at once application, as well as triclosan level data were used to calculate triclosan exposure levels using a general model reported in the literature. The obtained triclosan exposure level data were then compared with the TDI value of triclosan and expressed as a percentage of the TDI value. This percentage states the risk character of triclosan in the studied population. From the online search results, it is found that there are 5 (five) PKRT products and 31 (thirty-one) cosmetic products containing triclosan. From direct field observations, it was confirmed that 3 (three) PKRT products and 6 (six) cosmetic products containing triclosan were circulating in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi areas. For laboratory testing purposes, these products are collected and purchased as samples, including detergents, hand sanitizers, clothing fragrances, face masks, liquid antiseptic bath soap, face powder, mouthwash, deodorant, and women's personal care preparations. Through the distribution of questionnaires, it is known that the average body weight of the population in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi areas is 58.38 kg for women and 74.38 kg for men, or an overall average of 66.38 kg. Meanwhile, according to data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health, the male body weight is 60 kg, and the female body weight is 55 kg, so that the average body weight of Indonesians is 57.5 kg. The frequency of using PKRT products is 1 time per day for detergents, clothing fragrances, and hand sanitizers, as well as for cosmetic products, 1 time per day for face masks, deodorants, mouthwash and powder, 2 times per day for liquid bath soap, and 0.7 times per day for female personal care. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the quantity of products at once application for detergent 28.0 g, fragrance for clothes 20.9 g, hand sanitizer. 0.5 g, liquid antiseptic bath soap 10.3 g, face mask 1.8 g, deodorant 0.03 g, mouthwash 14.2 g, face powder 0.3 g, and personal care for women 1.5 g, whereas based on the results of the experiment using the product, 28.8 g of detergent, 9.66 g of clothing fragrance, 2.28 g of hand sanitizer, bath soap 10.09 g of liquid antiseptic, 22.52 g of face mask, 0.88 g of deodorant, 10.29 g of mouthwash, 0.79 g of face powder, and 1.33 g of personal care for women. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the respondents use PKRT products and cosmetics containing triclosan only through the dermal and per oral routes. Determination of triclosan content in PKRT and cosmetic products was carried out using a modification of HPLC method reported in the literature and preceded by the validation of the method. The method fulfills all acceptance criteria for validation parameters with the regression equation of the calibration curve of y = 19410x + 39153, r = 0.9997, limit of detection (LOD) 1 ?g / ml, limit of quantification (LOQ) 3.031 ?g / ml, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD) 1 %, and the percent recovery of 97% - 104%. Data on triclosan levels (n = 5) in PKRT products include detergent 0.024 ± 0.0003%, clothing fragrance 0.029 ± 0.002%, and hand sanitizer 0.323 ± 0.003%. While the percentage of triclosan levels in cosmetic products includes personal care for women 0.083 ± 0.001%, deodorant 0.041 ± 0.0006%, liquid antiseptic bath soap 0.214 ± 0.004%, face masks 0.071 ± 0.0006%, mouthwash 0.125 ± 0.0071. %, and face powder 0.024 ± 0.0004%. Considering the aspect of accuracy, to calculate the exposure level, average body weight published by Ministry of Health and product quantity at once application from the product-use experiment were used. The level of accumulative exposure to triclosan through the dermal route of various products (detergent, clothes deodorizer, hand sanitizer, liquid antiseptic bath soap, deodorant, face mask, face powder, female personal care) is 0.0044 mg / kg BW / day, while the level of exposure accumulative through the oral route (mouthwash) of 0.0003 mg / kg BW / day, so that the total exposure of triclosan is 0.0047 mg / kg BW / day. To calculate the risk characterization of triclosan in the studied population, the most sensitive and conclusive TDI value of triclosan reported in the literature was 0.12 mg / kg BW / day. The percentage level of total triclosan exposure through the use of PKRT and cosmetic products of the population in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi areas to the TDI value is 3.9% and hence still at a safe level.