At the heart of design is the goal of communication, and instilling a belief in the audience about the
past, present, or future.1 Histor-ically, graphic and advertising design, fields within communication
design, have oriented around clients and deliverables, and have maintained a focus on translating
written or spoken messages into visual communication. Designers of visual communications—
graphic design and the related areas of advertising: brand and identities, Websites, and posters
and photomontages —have largely relied on the designer ’s intuition and training to create appropriate
visual messages.