Perpustakaan Digital ITB

Background and purpose: The use of herbs and spices as therapeutic agent against many pathological infection and its interaction when combining with medication has not been fully exploited. This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the peels of Punica granatum L., rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and leaves of Elephantopus scaber L. and combination of these extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Besides that, this study was also aimed at determining the interaction between each extracts with tetracycline HCl against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus. Method: The antimicrobial potency of ethanolic extracts from the peels of P. granatum L., rhizomes of Z. officinale Roscoe and leaves of E. scaber L. was tested through the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by using microdilution well method. The interaction between combination of extracts, and between extract and antibiotic were tested through Fraction Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) by checkerboard method. Result: Based on phytochemical screening result, crude drug and ethanolic extract of P. granatum peels contained alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin. The crude drug and ethanolic extract of Z. officinale rhizome contained steroid/triterpenoid, flavonoid, and tannin. Meanwhile, the crude drug and ethanolic extract of E. scaber leaves contain flavonoid and steroid/triterpenoid. The MIC of ethanolic extract of P. granatum peels against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus were 16 µg/mL, 256µg/mL and 64µg/mL, respectively. The MIC of ethanolic extract of Z. officinale against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus were 2000µg/mL, 2000µg/mL and 8000µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, The MIC of ethanolic extract of E. scaber against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus were 8000µg/mL, 256µg/mL and 8000µg/mL, respectively. The MIC of tetracycline HCl against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus were 2µg/ml, 16µg/mL and 2µg/mL, respectively. The FICI value for combination between P. granatum peels and Z. officinale against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus were 0.625, 1.062, and 0.563, respectively. Meanwhile, the FICI of extract between P. granatum peels and E. scaber against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus were 0.188, 1.250 and 0.3750, respectively. Then, in next evaluation of combination of extract of tetracycline HCl with P. granatum gave FICI value 0.531 and 0.250 against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. The combination of tetracycline HCl with Z. officinale gave FICI value 0.281 for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Lastly the combination of tetracycline HCl with E. scaber gave FICI value 0.375 and 0.531 against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. Conclusion: Extract of Punica granatum peels has the lowest MIC compared to extract of Elephantopus scaber leaves and extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus. Combination between peels of Punica granatum extract with leaves of Elephantopus scaber extract gives the lowest FICI value, suggesting the highest synergistic effect among extracts combination. Furthermore, combination of tetracycline HCl with each extracts tested gives synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.