78 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Anderson Jr, John D, Computational Fluid Dynamics “The basics with applications”, Singapore : McGraw Hill, 1995. Anderson Jr, John D, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Singapore : McGraw Hill, 2001. Chakrabarti, S.K, Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987. DNV, Technical Report-Offshore “On Bottom Stability Assessment Offshore”, PT Perusahaan Gas Negara, 2004. Fredsoe, Jorgen., Sumer, B Mutlu, Hydrodynamics Around Cylindrical Structures, Singapore : World Scientific, 1997. Gerhart, Philip M., Gross, Richard J, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, USA, Addison-Wesley, 1985. Jacson, Dan, Pipe stability in the Asian deeps, Singapore: Asian Oil and Gas magazines, September/Oktober 2005. Jacobsen, V., Forces on Sheltered Pipelines, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston Texas, 1988. Kulkarni, Ashish, Shane Moeykens, Flow over a Cylinder, Fluent Inc. Recommended Practice E 305 “On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines” Det Norske Veritas, 1988. Sheila, Analisis aliran vortex stasioner dan tak stasioner di sekitar silinder sirkular dua dimensi yang diam berbasis Fluent, Bandung : ITB, 2006. White, Frank M, Fluid mechanics, McGraw Hill,1986. Xing, Tao and Stern, Fred, Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) University of Iowa, 2006. ______, Validation 3, Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder, Fluent Inc, 1999. Koleksi digital milik UPT Perpustakaan ITB : Hanya dipergunakan di area kampus ITB untuk keperluan pendidikan dan penelitian 79 LAMPIRAN A PERHITUNGAN STABILITAS PIPA DI DASAR LAUT Perhitungan Stabilitas pipa di dasar laut berdasar pada code DnV RPE 305. Kasus-kasus yang dianalisis diantaranya : 1. Pipa di atas seabed 2. Pipa terkubur sebagian 3. Pipa dalam parit Perhitungan dilakukan pada dua kondisi yaitu fase instalasi dan fase operasi. Perbedaan kedua fase ini adalah input data gelombang dan arus.