viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... ii THE GUIDANCE FOR USING THE THESIS ..................................................... iv STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ......................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... viii LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ..................................................... i Chapter I Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 I.1 Background ............................................................................ 1 I.2 Problem Statement ................................................................. 5 I.3 Research Objectives ............................................................... 5 I.4 Research Questions ................................................................ 6 I.5 Research Approach ................................................................ 6 I.6 Research Limitations.............................................................. 6 I.7 Writing Structure .................................................................... 7 Chapter II Literature Review .............................................................................. 9 II.1 Introduction ............................................................................