ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... i ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... iii APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. v GUIDELINES FOR THESIS USAGE ................................................................ vi DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... vii PREAMBLE ................................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDIXES ..................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ................................................ xv Chapter I Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 I.1 Backgrounds ........................................................................................... 1 I.2 Problem Statements ................................................................................ 2 I.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................... 3 I.4 Hypothesis .............................................................................................. 3 I.5 Scope of Research .................................................................................. 3 Chapter II Literature Review ............................................................................. 5 II.1 Low Salinity Water ................................................................................ 5 II.1.1 Double Layer Expansion (DLE) .............................................