Hasil Ringkasan
% D E , , 7 L Q M D X D Q 3 X V W D N D , , 3 H Q L Q J N D W D Q 3 H U R O H K D Q 0 L Q \ D N 7 D K D S / D Q M X W Enhanced Oil Recovery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tertiary recovery G D U L W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L P L Q \ D N 3 D G D W D K D S D Q D Z D O S U R G X N V L P L Q \ D N primary recovery G L P X O D L V H W H O D K W D K D S D Q N H J L D W D Q H N V S O R U D V L \ D Q J G L O D N X N D Q R O H K geologist, geophyciscs, G D Q reservoir engineering N H P X G L D Q G L O D N X N D Q W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L G H Q J D Q W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L G H Q J D Q P H Q J J X Q D N D Q H Q H U J L D O D P L X Q W X N P H P S U R G X N V L N D Q P L Q \ D N G D Q P H W R G H O D L Q Q \ D G H Q J D Q P H Q J J X Q D N D Q artificial lift X Q W X N P H P E D Z D P L Q \ D N N H S H U P X N D D Q G D U L V X P X U G D Q G L O D Q M X W N D Q S H Q J R O D K D Q S D G D surface facilities 3 D G D W D K D S D Q L Q L E H U N L V D U N X U D Q J G D U L oil recovery \ D Q J E L V D G L S U R G X N V L N D Q 3 U R G X N V L P L Q \ D N \ D Q J G L O D N X N D Q W H U X V P H Q H U X V D N D Q P H Q J D O D P L S H Q X U X Q D Q K L Q J J D H Q H U J L S H Q G R U R Q J P L Q \ D N N H S H U P X N D D Q W L G D N E L V D P H Q D Q J D Q L Q \ D N H P X G L D Q G L O D Q M X W N D Q W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L V H N X Q G H U secondary recovery 7 D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L V H N X Q G H U P H U X S D N D Q W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L P L Q \ D N G H Q J D Q P H Q J J X Q D N D Q E D Q W X D Q L Q M H N V L waterflood D W D X pressure maintenance 3 D G D W D K D S D Q L Q L V H N L W D U K L Q J J D oil recovery \ D Q J E L V D G L S U R G X N V L N D Q , U D Y D Q L G N N 6 N H P D waterflood G D Q pressure maintenance P H P E H U L N D Q H Q H U J L W D P E D K D Q K L Q J J D P L Q \ D N G D S D W G L S U R G X N V L N D Q G D U L U H V H U Y R L U P H Q X M X S H U P X N D D Q 3 D G D W D K D S D Q S U R G X N V L P L Q \ D N W H U V L H U tertiary recovery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thermal flooding W H U E D J L P H Q M D G L W L J D N O D V L I L N D V L \ D L W X insitu combustion, hot water, G D Q steam 3 D G D P H W R G H S H Q L Q J N D W D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N W D K D S O D Q M X W gas flooding W H U E D J L P H Q M D G L G X D N O D V L I L N D V L \ D L W X gas miscible G D Q gas immiscible 3 D G D P H W R G H S H Q L Q J N D W D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N W D K D S O D Q M X W chemical flooding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chemical EOR E H U X S D V X U I D N W D Q Chemical EOR P H U X S D N D Q P H W R G H S H Q L Q J N D W D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N W D K D S O D Q M X W G H Q J D Q P H P D Q I D D W N D Q E D K D Q N L P L D X Q W X N P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N 3 D G D chemical EOR W H U G D S D W E H E H U D S D I D N W R U \ D Q J P H P S H Q J D U X K L H I H N W L Y L W D V Q \ D V H S H U W L N R Q V H Q W U D V L V X U I D N W D Q V D O L Q L W D V V X K X G D Q S + \ D Q J P H Q M D G L I D N W R U S H Q W L Q J * U H H Q G D Q : L O O K L W H , , 6 X U I D N W D Q 6 X U I D N W D Q E D Q \ D N G L W H P X N D Q G D Q G L D S O L N D V L N D Q X Q W X N N H K L G X S D Q V H K D U L K D U L V H S H U W L S D G D V D E X Q F X F L F D W W L Q W D S O D V W L N N R V P H W L N G D Q K D O O D L Q Q \ D 3 D G D L Q G X V W U L P L Q \ D N S H Q J J X Q D D Q V X U I D N W D Q P H Q M D G L V H V X D W X \ D Q J Y L W D O N K X V X V Q \ D S D G D S H Q L Q J N D W D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N G H Q J D Q P H Q J J X Q D N D Q E D K D Q E D K D Q N L P L D 6 X U I D N W D Q P H U X S D N D Q V D O D K V D W X N O D V L I L N D V L P H W R G H chemical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chemical EOR G L V H E D E N D Q R O H K D G V R U S V L \ D Q J U H O D W L I O H E L K U H Q G D K S D G D E D W X S D V L U 3 D G D V X U I D N W D Q N D W L R Q L N P H P L O L N L P X D W D Q S R V L W L I S D G D E D J L D Q N H S D O D K L G U R I L O L N Q \ D G D Q E L D V D Q \ D G L J X Q D N D Q S D G D E D W X D Q N D U E R Q D W 3 D G D V X U I D N W D Q Q R Q L R Q L N W L G D N P H P L O L N L P X D W D Q S D G D E D J L D Q N H S D O D K L G U R I L O L N Q \ D M H Q L V V X U I D N W D Q L Q L G L J X Q D N D Q V H E D J D L cosurfactant X Q W X N P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q phase behavior G D Q W R O H U D Q W H U K D G D S N R Q G L V L G H Q J D Q V D O L Q L W D V W L Q J J L 3 D G D V X U I D N W D Q ] Z L W W H U L R Q L N V X U I D N W D Q P H U X S D N D Q J D E X Q J D Q G D U L G X D M H Q L V V X U I D N W D Q V H S H U W L Q R Q L R Q L N ± N D W L R Q L N Q R Q L R Q L N ± D Q L R Q L N D W D X D Q L R Q L N ± N D W L R Q L N . H O H E L K D Q V X U I D N W D Q M H Q L V L Q L W R O H U D Q W H U K D G D S W H P S H U D W X U G D Q V D O L Q L W D V 6 K H Q J , , 1 D Q R P D W H U L D O 7 H N Q R O R J L Q D Q R P H U X S D N D Q W H N Q R O R J L \ D Q J V D D W L Q L V D Q J D W E H U N H P E D Q J G H Q J D Q S H V D W S H P D Q I D D W D Q Q \ D W H O D K G L O D N X N D Q G D O D P E H U E D J D L L Q G X V W U L V H S H U W L N H V H K D W D Q N R Q V W U X N V L N H F D Q W L N D Q G D Q O D L Q Q \ D 3 D G D L Q G X V W U L P L Q \ D N G D Q J D V E X P L 0 , * $ 6 S H Q H O L W L D Q G D Q S H U N H P E D Q J D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O V D D W L Q L P H Q L Q J N D W V H L U L Q J E H U N H P E D Q J Q \ D W H N Q R O R J L V H U W D G L W H P X N D Q Q \ D P D Q I D D W E D K Z D Q D Q R P D W H U L D O G D S D W P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N 7 D U H N G D Q ( O % D Q E L G D Q 2 O D \ L Z R O D G D Q ' H M D P 3 H Q J J X Q D D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O G H Q J D Q V X U I D N W D Q W H U E X N W L G D S D W P H Q J X E D K V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q V X D W X E D W X D Q G H Q J D Q P H Q J X U D Q J L interfacial tension D Q W D U D P L Q \ D N G D Q D L U G D Q P H N D Q L V P H disjoining pressure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metal oxide G D Q non-metal oxide G L P D Q D M H Q L V Q D Q R P D W H U L D O metal oxide G D S D W P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N O H E L K E H V D U G L E D Q G L Q J N D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O E H U M H Q L V non-metal oxide + H Q G U D Q L Q J U D W G D Q 7 R U V W H U 3 D G D E H E H U D S D S H Q H O L W L D Q W H U N D L W P H N D Q L V P H S H Q L Q J N D W D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N P H O D O X L Q D Q R P D W H U L D O G L M H O D V N D Q E D K Z D J H U D N % U R Z Q L D Q Brownian motion G D Q J D \ D H O H N W U R V W D W L N D Q W D U S D U W L N H O P H Q M D G L P H N D Q L V P H \ D Q J P H Q \ H E D E N D Q W H U M D G L Q \ D W H N D Q D Q disjoining 6 L U F D U G N N 6 X Q G N N G D Q 3 X W U L D Q G 5 H G K \ N D 8 Q W X N O H E L K M H O D V Q \ D P H N D Q L V P H W H U N D L W Q D Q R P D W H U L D O G D S D W G L O L K D W P H O D O X L * D P E D U , , E H U L N X W * D P E D U , , 0 H N D Q L V P H ( 2 5 1 D Q R P D W H U L D O 6 L U F D U G N N 0 H O D O X L J D P E D U G L D W D V G D S D W G L O L K D W P H N D Q L V P H \ D Q J W H U M D G L S D G D S U R V H V S H Q J L Q M H N V L D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O S D G D P H G L D E H U S R U L P H P E H Q W X N O D S L V D Q \ D Q J P H Q \ H E D U N H S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q N H P X G L D Q P H Q J D Q J N D W G D Q P H P L V D K N D Q P L Q \ D N G D U L S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q V H K L Q J J D G D S D W G L S U R G X N V L N D Q . H W L N D W H N D Q D Q disjoining O H E L K E H V D U G L E D Q G L Q J N D Q J D \ D D G V R U S V L D Q W D U D droplet P L Q \ D N G D Q S H U P X N D D Q S R U L E D W X D Q P H Q \ H E D E N D Q vertex G D U L wedge film E H U J H U D N P D M X V H K L Q J J D droplet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disjoining P H Q L Q J N D W V H K L Q J J D V H L U L Q J S H Q L Q J N D W D Q N R Q V H Q W U D V L Q D Q R D N D Q P H Q J X U D Q J L S R U R V L W D V G D Q S H U P H D E L O L W D V D E V R O X W ( I L V L H Q V L S H U S L Q G D K D Q P L Q \ D N P H Q L Q J N D W G H Q J D Q S H Q D P E D K D Q N R Q V H Q W U D V L N D U H Q D S H Q \ H E D U D Q S D U W L N H O S D G D S H U P X N D D Q P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q Y L V N R V L W D V I O X L G D 8 N X U D Q S D U W L N H O 8 N X U D Q S D U W L N H O S D G D Q D Q R G D Q G H Q V L W D V P H P S H Q J D U X K L W H N D Q D Q disjoining N H W L N D G H Q V L W D V \ D Q J W L Q J J L W H U M D G L N H W L N D X N X U D Q S D U W L N H O \ D Q J N H F L O V H K L Q J J D W H U M D G L electrostatic repulsion O H E L K E H V D U D Q W D U S D U W L N H O % H U G D V D U N D Q K D O W H U V H E X W X N X U D Q S D U W L N H O S D G D Q D Q R K D U X V O D K P H P L O L N L X N X U D Q \ D Q J V D P D V H K L Q J J D electrostatic repulsion G D S D W W H U M D G L G D Q W H U N R Q W U R O 6 D O L Q L W D V 3 H Q D P E D K D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O N H G D O D P O D U X W D Q \ D Q J P H P L O L N L V D O L Q L W D V W L Q J J L P H P E X D W Q D Q R P D W H U L D O P H Q M D G L W L G D N V W D E L O V D O L Q L W D V \ D Q J P H Q L Q J N D W P H P E X D W ] H W D S R W H Q V L D O P H Q X U X Q G L N D U H Q D N D Q O H P D K Q \ D W H N D Q D Q disjoining 6 X K X 3 H Q L Q J N D W D Q V X K X P H P E X D W H I L V L H Q V L G D U L S H U S L Q G D K D Q P L Q \ D N V H K L Q J J D P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N E H U G D V D U N D Q K D O L Q L S H Q W L Q J Q \ D X Q W X N P H Q J H W D K X L N R Q G L V L G D U L U H V H U Y R L U X Q W X N P H Q \ H V X D L N D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O 6 L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q Q D Q R 6 L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q Q D Q R P D W H U L D O W H U M D G L G L V H E D E N D Q D G D Q \ D D G V R U S V L S D U W L N H O G D U L Q D Q R S D G D S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q 1 D Q R P D W H U L D O P D P S X P H Q J X E D K V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q G D U L S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q P H Q M D G L water wet N H W L N D S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q water wet P H Q M D G L N D Q S H U R O H K D Q P L Q \ D N P H Q M D G L O H E L K E H V D U . R Q G L V L S H U P X N D D Q water wet P H P X G D K N D Q S H U S L Q G D K D Q P L Q \ D N G D U L S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q Clay contents 5 H W H Q V L G D U L Q D Q R P D W H U L D O S D G D E D W X D Q G L S H Q J D U X K L R O H K N H E H U D G D D Q clay N R Q V H Q W U D V L clay \ D Q J W L Q J J L P H Q J D N L E D W N D Q U X D Q J N R V R Q J S D G D S R U L P H Q M D G L W H U L V L 8 N X U D Q E X W L U 8 N X U D Q E X W L U G D U L E D W X D Q P H Q M D G L V D O D K V D W X I D N W R U \ D Q J G D S D W P H P S H Q J D U X K L H I H N W L Y L W D V G D U L Q D Q R . H W L N D X N X U D Q E X W L U O H E L K E H V D U P D N D O X D V S H U P X N D D Q S H U V D W X D Q Y R O X P H bulk D N D Q P H Q X U X Q V H K L Q J J D P H Q \ H E D E N D Q U H W H Q V L G D U L Q D Q R P D W H U L D O S D G D E D W X D Q P H Q M D G L P H Q X U X Q 5 D W H L Q M H N V L 5 D W H L Q M H N V L P H P S H Q J D U X K L H I H N W L Y L W D V G D U L Q D Q R N H W L N D rate L Q M H N V L P H Q L Q J N D W P D N D P H Q \ H E D E N D Q P R O H N X O D L U E H U D N V H O H U D V L O H E L K F H S D W G D U L S D G D Q D Q R S D U W L N H O V H K L Q J J D P H P E X D W W H U V X P E D W Q \ D S R U L S D G D E D W X D Q , , 0 L Q H U D O . D O V L W & D & 2 0 L Q H U D O N D O V L W P H U X S D N D Q P L Q H U D O \ D Q J W H U G D S D W S D G D K D P S L U V H O X U X K P L Q H U D O E D W X D Q 0 L Q H U D O N D O V L W S H P E H Q W X N E D W X D Q G D Q V H P H Q W D V L S D G D E D W X D Q P H U X S D N D Q P L Q H U D O N O D V W L N G D U L V W U X N W X U N D U E R Q D W 6 H F D U D V W U X N W X U P L Q H U D O N D O V L W P H P L O L N L E H Q W X N E H U X S D W U L J R Q D O U K R P E R K H G U D O 6 W U X N W X U N D O V L W W H U G L U L G D U L V H W L D S L R Q N D O V L X P & D G L N H O L O L Q J L R O H K H Q D P L R Q N D U E R Q D W & 2 \ D Q J W H U L N D W G D O D P W U L J R Q D O S O D Q D U 1 H V V H * D P E D U , , , N D W D Q . L P L D 0 L Q H U D O . D O V L W 0 R G L I L N D V L + D O G D U 3 U R V H V S H P E H Q W X N D Q P L Q H U D O N D O V L W G L K D V L O N D Q P H O D O X L S U R V H V N R P S O H N V G D U L E H U E D J D L I D N W R U V H S H U W L R U J D Q L V P H P L N U R E D G L D J H Q H V L V G D Q O L Q J N X Q J D Q % H U G D V D U N D Q O L Q J N X Q J D Q S H Q J H Q G D S D Q Q \ D P L Q H U D O N D O V L W X P X P Q \ D W H U E H Q W X N S D G D O L Q J N X Q J D Q S H Q J H Q G D S D Q O D X W G D Q J N D O \ D Q J E H U D V D O G D U L K H Z D Q E H U F D Q J N D Q J G D Q W H U X P E X N D U D Q J % H U L N X W L Q L P H U X S D N D Q Y L V X D O G D U L P L Q H U D O N D O V L W \ D Q J G L K D V L O N D Q R O H K S H Q J X M L D Q 6 ( 0 Scanning Electron Microscopy * D P E D U , , + D V L O 6 ( 0 G D U L 0 L Q H U D O . D O V L W $ O 6 K L U D Z L G N N 3 D G D S H Q H O L W L D Q \ D Q J G L O D N X N D Q R O H K ' ] L D G N R Z L H F G N N P H Q J H P X N D N D Q S H U P X N D D Q N D O V L W \ D Q J E H U V H Q W X K D Q G H Q J D Q D L U G L S H Q J D U X K L R O H K V L I D W P D N U R V N R S L V E D W X D Q N D U E R Q D W S H P E H Q W X N D Q granular G D Q U H N U L V W D O L V D V L G D U L S H U P X N D D Q N D O V L W . H N D V D U D Q G D U L S H U P X N D D Q N D O V L W P H Q J D N L E D W N D Q G D \ D L N D W D Q W D U E X W L U P H O H P D K G D Q P H Q M D G L O H E L K P X G D K E H U J H U D N 3 D G D N D V X V E D W X S D V L U \ D Q J W H U E H Q W X N S D G D F H N X Q J D Q N H W L N D P H Q J D O D P L U H W D N D Q P H Q M D G L N D Q G D \ D L N D W D Q W D U I U D J P H Q P H Q M D G L U H Q G D K V H K L Q J J D P H P X Q J N L Q N D Q E D Q W X D Q X Q W X N O H E L K porous , , 3 H U X E D K D Q 6 L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q Wettability Alteration 6 L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q P H U X S D N D Q N H F H Q G H U X Q J D Q G D U L I O X L G D X Q W X N G D S D W P H Q \ H E D U D W D X P H Q H P S H O S D G D S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q G H Q J D Q D G D Q \ D I O X L G D \ D Q J W L G D N V D O L Q J P H Q F D P S X U 3 H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q W H U E X N W L G D O D P P H Q L Q J N D W N D Q H I L V L H Q V L S H U S L Q G D K D Q P L N U R V N R S L V G L E D W X D Q P H N D Q L V P H \ D Q J P H Q J J D P E D U N D Q S H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q W H U J D P E D U N D Q P H O D O X L G X D properties S H U P X N D D Q \ D L W X surface free energy G D Q surface roughness 3 D G D properties S H U P X N D D Q surface free energy E H U N D L W D Q G H Q J D Q N H E H U D G D D Q D W R P D W R P \ D Q J E H U D G D G L S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q V H K L Q J J D P H P E X D W J D \ D D G K H V L S H U P X N D D Q P H Q M D G L O H E L K N X D W P H V N L S X Q G H P L N L D Q K D O W H U V H E X W E H U J D Q W X Q J S D G D M H Q L V I O X L G D G D Q V W U X N W X U P R O H N X O \ D Q J G L J X Q D N D Q 1 R U X ] L G N N 3 D G D I D N W R U surface roughness D U H D S H U P X N D D Q \ D Q J E H U V H Q W X K D Q D Q W D U D I O X L G D G H Q J D Q S D G D W D Q P H P L O L N L G D P S D N \ D Q J F X N X S V L J Q L I L N D Q V H S H U W L I D N W R U roughness \ D Q J G L N H P X N D N D Q R O H K : D Q ] H O G L P D Q D roughness V X D W X S D G D W D Q P H P S H Q J D U X K L V H E H U D S D E D V D K I O X L G D X Q W X N P H P E D V D K L Q \ D 6 D U L G N N 3 H Q J D U X K roughness G D Q K H W H U R J H Q L W D V G D U L E D W X D Q P H Q L P E X O N D Q I H Q R P H Q D hysteresis I H Q R P H Q D hysteresis W H U M D G L N H W L N D S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N G L P D Q D droplet I O X L G D \ D Q J G L W H W H V N D Q S D G D O D S L V D Q E D W X D Q E H U J H U D N D W D X P H Q \ H E D U V H F D U D W L G D N N R Q V L V W H Q . D W R K 1 D P X Q S D G D N R Q G L V L S H U P X N D D Q K D O X V G D Q W L Q J N D W K H W H U R J H Q L W D V \ D Q J U H Q G D K K R P R J H Q H I H N hysteresis W L G D N G D S D W W H U M D G L G D Q droplet I O X L G D G D S D W E H U J H U D N G D Q P H Q \ H E D U G H Q J D Q E D L N * D P E D U , , 6 N H P D Roughness % D W X D Q 6 D U L G N N 0 H O D O X L V N H P D G L D W D V G D S D W G L O L K D W E D K Z D roughness G D U L S H U P X N D D Q D N D Q W H U L V L V H L U L Q J G H Q J D Q I O X L G D \ D Q J P H Q \ H U D S G D Q P H P E D V D K L E D W X D Q * D \ D D G K H V L P H U X S D N D Q J D \ D \ D Q J E H N H U M D G D O D P S U R V H V V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q J D \ D D G K H V L E H N H U M D G D O D P L Q W H U D N V L W D U L N P H Q D U L N D Q W D U D G X D M H Q L V P R O H N X O I O X L G D V H K L Q J J D P H Q J X E D K V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q 5 D W D Q S D U D G D Q . L P 0 H N D Q L V P H S H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q G D U L S H Q H O L W L D Q L Q L G D S D W W H U J D P E D U N D Q P H O D O X L E H E H U D S D S H Q J X M L D Q \ D Q J P H Q X Q M D Q J \ D L W X 3 H Q J X M L D Q 6 X G X W . R Q W D N 3 H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N P H U X S D N D Q S H Q J X M L D Q droplet V X D W X I O X L G D S D G D P H G L X P E D W X D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N \ D Q J W H U E H Q W X N S D G D droplet G L G D S D W N D Q P H O D O X L J D U L V E D W D V D Q W D U D P L Q \ D N I O X L G D G D Q E D W X D Q 3 H Q J X N X U D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N P H U X S D N D Q V D O D K V D W X P H W R G H S H Q H Q W X D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q \ D Q J G D S D W G L J X Q D N D Q G D O D P P H Q H Q W X N D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q 3 H Q J J X Q D D Q S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N M X J D U H O D W L I O H E L K P X G D K G D Q G D S D W P H Q \ H V X D L N D Q S H Q J J X Q D D Q Q \ D G D O D P V N D O D O D E R U D W R U L X P % H U G D V D U N D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N \ D Q J G L K D V L O N D Q G D U L S H Q J X N X U D Q G D S D W P H Q X Q M X N N D Q L Q W H U D N V L D Q W D U D E D W X D Q G D Q I O X L G D D W D X P L Q \ D N G H Q J D Q E D L N surface free energy ( U E L O . O D V L I L N D V L V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q S D G D S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N V H F D U D X P X P G L E D J L P H Q M D G L W L J D G D S D W \ D N Q L N R Q G L V L K L G U R I L O L N D W D X O L S R I L O L N G L O L K D W P H O D O X L J D P E D U E H U L N X W * D P E D U , , , O X V W U D V L 3 H Q J X M L D Q 6 X G X W . R Q W D N G L P R G L I L N D V L G D U L + R X G N N 3 D G D S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N W L J D I D V D P H O L E D W N D Q N R Q W D N D Q W D U D oil-rock-air D W D X water-rock-air P H P E H Q W X N V X G X W N R Q W D N \ D Q J P H Q J J D P E D U N D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q G D U L E D W X D Q V H G D Q J N D Q S D G D S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N G X D I D V D P H O L E D W N D Q N R Q W D N D Q W D U D liquid-rock D W D X liquid-air D W D X rock-air 3 H Q J J X Q D D Q S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N W L J D I D V D G D O D P P H Q J D Q D O L V L V S H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q O H E L K E D L N G D O D P P H Q J J D P E D U N D Q S H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q K D O L Q L G L N D U H Q D N D Q I O X L G D O D U X W D Q O H E L K V W D E L O G D Q W L G D N P X G D K P H Q J X D S G L E D Q G L Q J N D Q S H Q J X M L D Q V X G X W N R Q W D N G X D I D V D + R X G N N 3 H Q J X M L D Q = H W D 3 R W H Q V L D O 3 H Q J X M L D Q ] H W D S R W H Q V L D O P H U X S D N D Q S H Q J X N X U D Q S R W H Q V L D O O L V W U L N D W D X N H O L V W U L N D Q S H U P X N D D Q S D G D E L G D Q J shear plane G D U L V X D W X S D U W L N H O ( O P R I W \ G D Q 6 K R N L U % H U N D L W D Q G H Q J D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q S H Q J X M L D Q ] H W D S R W H Q V L D O G D S D W G L J X Q D N D Q X Q W X N P H Q J D Q D O L V L V S H U X E D K D Q V L I D W N H E D V D K D Q E D W X D Q E H U G D V D U N D Q N H O L V W U L N D Q D Q W D U S H U P X N D D Q I O X L G D W H U K D G D S E D W X D Q G D Q I O X L G D G H Q J D Q P L Q \ D N 3 D G D S H Q H O L W L D Q : D Q J G N N. W H U N D L W L Q M H N V L V X U I D N W D Q G L G D S D W N D Q L Q W H U D N V L N H O L V W U L N D Q H O H N W U R V W D W L N P H Q M D G L S H U D Q D Q S H Q W L Q J G D O D P D E V R U S V L P R O H N X O N H S H U P X N D D Q E D W X D Q 6 H S H U W L \ D Q J V X G D K G L M H O D V N D Q S D G D P H N D Q L V P H Q D Q R L Q W H U D N V L H O H N W U R V W D W L N P H P L O L N L S H U D Q D Q S H Q W L Q J G D O D P P H Q J H W D K X L V W D E L O L W D V N R O R L G . R O R L G P H U X S D N D Q V X D W X E H Q W X N F D P S X U D Q \ D Q J E H U D G D G L D Q W D U D O D U X W D Q G H Q J D Q V X V S H Q V L N D V D U $ U Q H O O L G D Q $ V W X W L . H V W D E L O D Q N R O R L G S D G D O D U X W D Q G L W H Q W X N D Q P H O D O X L L Q W H U D N V L D Q W D U D S D U W L N H O ±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electric repulsion 8 Q W X N O H E L K M H O D V Q \ D G D S D W G L O L K D W P H O D O X L * D P E D U , , E H U L N X W * D P E D U , , , Q W H U D N V L ( Q H U J L 3 R W H Q V L D O G D O D P ) X Q J V L Intermolecular Distance 3 D U N G D Q 6 H R * H U D N % U R Z Q L D Q W H U M D G L N H W L N D S D U W L N H O W H U G L V S H U V L W H U O D U X W N D Q S D G D P H G L X P S H Q G L V S H U V L * H U D N % U R Z Q L D Q P H U X S D N D Q V X D W X S H Q G H N D W D Q Q R Q V H W L P E D Q J \ D Q J P H P R G H O N D Q J H U D N D Q D F D N G D U L S D U W L N H O G D O D P P H G L X P I O X L G D 8 Q W X N O H E L K M H O D V Q \ D G D S D W G L O L K D W P H O D O X L L O X V W U D V L S D G D * D P E D U , , E H U L N X W * D P E D U , , , O X V W U D V L * H U D N % U R Z Q L D Q $ U Q H O O L D Q G $ V W X W L * H U D N D F D N L Q L G D S D W G L G H N D W L S D G D S H U V D P D D Q J H U D N % U R Z Q L D Q \ D Q J G L W X O L V N D Q V H F D U D P D W H P D W L V V H E D J D L E H U L N X W T§L:t@P; 5 6 , , G L P D Q D G P H U X S D N D Q N R H I L V L H Q G L I X V L G D Q W D G D O D K Z D N W X * H U D N D F D N S D U W L N H O S D G D I O X L G D P H P L O L N L J D \ D \ D Q J V D Q J D W E H V D U V H K L Q J J D P R E L O L W D V \ D Q J W H U M D G L P H Q M D G L O H E L K W L Q J J L G D Q N R H I L V L H Q G L I X V L P H Q L Q J N D W G L E D Q G L Q J N D Q S D G D P R O H N X O D W D X X N X U D Q S D U W L N H O \ D Q J E H V D U * D \ D Y D Q G H U : D D O V G D Q electric repulsion P H P D L Q N D Q S H U D Q S H Q W L Q J G D O D P P H Q M D J D V W D E L O L W D V G L V D P S L Q J J D \ D V W U X N W X U D O S D G D V L V W H P rock-water G D Q water-oil \ D Q J E H U N D L W D Q G H Q J D Q disjoining pressure % H U G D V D U N D Q J D \ D J D \ D \ D Q J E H N H U M D W H R U L ' / 9 2 M L N D G L W X O L V N D Q N H G D O D P S H U V D P D D Q P D W H P D W L N D P H Q M D G L 0 rmr_jL0 qrpsirsp_jE0 Z_ lHc p[ __jq E0 Ij c irpmqr_rgi , , * D \ D Y D Q G H U : D D O V G D S D W P H Q D U L N D W D X P H Q R O D N \ D Q J E H U J D Q W X Q J S D G D S R O D U L W D V N R Q V W D Q W D + D P D N H U N H W L N D N R Q V W D Q W D + D P D N H U E H U Q L O D L S R V L W L I P D N D J D \ D Y D Q G H U : D D O V P H P E H U L N D Q G D \ D P H Q D U L N E H J L W X S X O D V H E D O L N Q \ D . R Q V W D Q W D + D P D N H U P H U X S D N D Q S D U D P H W H U V S H V L I L N P D W H U L D O \ D Q J P H Q J X N X U N H N X D W D Q L Q W H U D N V L J D \ D W D U L N P H Q D U L N D Q W D U S D U W L N H O , V U D H O D F K Y L O L $ G D S X Q S H U V D P D D Q Y D Q G H U : D D O V S D G D N R Q G L V L X N X U D Q S D U W L N H O \ D Q J V D Q J D W N H F L O D G D O D K V H E D J D L E H U L N X W 0 Z_ lHc p[ __jq LF ” :5 6 º ‰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lHc p[ __jq F& ?: , , 3 H U E H G D D Q J D \ D Y D Q G H U : D D O V D Q W D U D S D U W L N H O G H Q J D Q P R O H N X O G L G D V D U N D Q S D G D S H U E H G D D Q M D U D N G L P D Q D J D \ D W D U L N P H Q D U L N D Q W D U D S D U W L N H O F H Q G H U X Q J O H E L K F H S D W P H Q J D O D P L S H U O D P E D W D Q G L E D Q G L Q J N D Q P R O H N X O 8 Q W X N P H Q J D W D V L N R Q G L V L W H U V H E X W P H N D Q L V P H electric repulsion P H Q M D G L V R O X V L P H Q F H J D K S D U W L N H O P H Q J D O D P L D J O R P H U D V L 3 D G D J D \ D electric repulsion W H U M D G L N H W L N D G X D S D U W L N H O E H U P X D W D Q \ D Q J V D P D E H U G H N D W D Q V H K L Q J J D P H Q \ H E D E N D Q W R O D N P H Q R O D N D N L E D W D G D Q \ D electrical double layer ( ' / J D \ D L Q L E H U J D Q W X Q J S D G D V D O L Q L W D V G D Q S + 3 D G D V L V W H P rock-water electrical double layer W H U M D G L N H W L N D P L Q H U D O S D G D E D W X D Q E H U L Q W H U D N V L G H Q J D Q O D U X W D Q Electrical double layer W H U E D J L P H Q M D G L W L J D E D J L D Q \ D L W X O D S L V D Q surface charge P H U X S D N D Q O D S L V D Q E H U L V L N D Q L R Q \ D Q J W H U D G V R U S V L \ D Q J X P X P Q \ D P H P L O L N L P X D W D Q Q H J D W L I stern layer P H U X S D N D Q O D S L V D Q E H U L V L N D Q L R Q G H Q J D Q P X D W D Q E H U O D Z D Q D Q G H Q J D Q O D S L V D Q surface charge G D Q O D S L V D Q diffuse layer P H U X S D N D Q O D S L V D Q W H U O X D U G D U L electrical double layer \ D Q J E H U L V L N D Q L R Q E H E D V % H U L N X W L Q L P H U X S D N D Q L O X V W U D V L G D U L electical double layer * D P E D U , , , O X V W U D V L Electrical Double Layer 3 D U N D Q G 6 H R - L N D G L W X O L V N D Q G D O D P S H U V D P D D Q P D W H P D W L N D electric repulsion ( ' / P H Q M D G L 0 I j c i r p m q r _ r g iLtèÝ=Þ 6 ‡ š ’ :FG&; , , G L P D Q D D P H U X S D N D Q U D G L X V S D U W L N H O è P H U X S D N D Q S K L Ý P H U X S D N D Q S H U P L W L Y L W D V Þ P H U X S D N D Q ] H W D S R W H Q V L D O G D Q N P H U X S D N D Q I X Q J V L N R P S R V L V L L R Q 6 H F D U D G L V W U L E X V L L R Q S D G D electrical double layer W H U E D J L P H Q M D G L G X D \ D L W X stern plane P H U X S D N D Q O D S L V D Q S H U W D P D \ D Q J E H U G H N D W D Q G H Q J D Q S H U P X N D D Q S D U W L N H O E H U P X D W D Q G D Q slipping plane shear plane P H U X S D N D Q O D S L V D Q W H U O X D U G D U L S H U P X N D D Q S D U W L N H O E H U P X D W D Q .