v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................... i Abstrak .................................................................................................................... ii Guidelines of Thesis Usage .................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ...................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .......................................................................................................... x Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 I.1 Research Background ............................................................................... 1 I.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................... 3 I.3 Research Questions .................................................................................. 5 I.4 Research Objectives ................................................................................. 6 I.5 Research Contribution .............................................................................. 6 I.6 Research Limitations ................................................................................ 6 I.7 Outline ...................................................................................................... 7 Chapter II: Literature Review ................................................................................. 9 II.1 Waste Management .................................................................................. 9 II.1.1 Solid waste generation and characteristics ...................................... 13 II.2 Plastics Waste Management ................................................................... 14 II.3 Plastics Recycling Process ..................................................................... 15 II.4 System Thinking Approach ....................................................................