1 Chapter I Introduction I.1 Background Congestion often occurs in big cities in Indonesia. Congestion also occurs due to the huge number of people in who lived in the city, as well as the lack of public transportation as well as an adequate traffic system (Subitmele, 2022). Jakarta is one of the most congested cities in Asia, which causes economic losses from traffic congestion in Jakarta to reach 65 trillion per year (Fauzan, 2022). According to the data from the DKI Jakarta Central Statistics Agency, the number of motorized vehicles reaches 20,221,821 units, an accumulation of motorcycles, cars, buses, and trucks (Wibowo, 2021). The increase in the number of motorized vehicles continues to occur every year. Figure 1 shows the increase in motorized vehicles in DKI Jakarta from 2018 – 2021. Therefore, the Indonesian government has set a plan to move the capital city of Indonesia to Kalimantan. The relocation of the capital city is needed because Jakarta has become crowded, polluted, and is sinking at an alarming rate due to the over-extraction of groundwater. Home to more than 10 million people, it sits on swampy land on the large island of Java (BBC, 2022). In addition, the relocation of the Indonesian capital city to Kalimantan is to reduce flooding and congestion in DKI Jakarta (Hanifah, 2019; Hudaya, 2019). Figure 1.1 Increase of the Number of Vehicles in DKI Jakarta 2017-2021 Source: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta, (2022) The new capital city of Indonesia, which is called Nusantara (IKN), will be realized as a smart city, a modern sustainable city, and has international standards so that it becomes an example for the development of other cities in Indonesia (Febrinastri, 2022; Ministry of Public 0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000 18000000 20172018201920202021 CarMotorcycleBusTruk 2 Affairs of Indonesia, 2022). According to Yati (2021), the development of IKN is based on the concept of a smart city, which means the city integrates information and communication technology in its governance. The transportation system at IKN is expected to be connected to both intramodal and intermodal systemically and physically in the field. There are three policy frameworks prepared related to land transportation in IKN. Firstly, the concept of a smart city also converted into smart mobility. This means that every mobility in IKN is connected to information and communication technology systems. The second is about green and sustainable cities, which focused on developing environmentally friendly cities. Lastly, connected, where IKN development must be connected both intra and intermodal. Therefore land transportation development must be connected starting from networks and also existing transportation services. According to Šurdonja et al., (2020) sustainable management of urban areas is becoming one of the most important challenges of the 21 st century and the concept of “Smart City” is proposed as a possible solution. Smart city includes different aspects of city management, building, energy, environment, government, living, education, and mobility. However, as Indonesia translated smart city to become smart mobility, according to Manders et al., (2020) as information and communication technologies (ICTs) are making their way through mobility sector, ‘smart mobility’ evokes high expectations for its disruptive potential. Smart mobility involves various ICT-innovations enables a shift towards a more service-based mobility system. Smart mobility also evoked the development of an automated mobility niche, which includes innovations in the field of cooperative and connected driving with different levels of automation, ranging from driving assistance to autonomously driving vehicles. As claimed by Chehri and Mouftah (2019) adopting ICT in the transport domain provides for intelligent transportation that plays vital role in smart cities by addressing serious concerns regarding travel time, energy efficiency, and environmental issues. Upon the introduction of ICT, autonomous vehicle (AV) is seen as a dramatic change in terms of future intelligent transport in smart and sustainable cities. To create safer and more efficient urban mobility, eliminate congestion, and reduce emissions, autonomous vehicles will become the backbone of public transportation at IKN later. Autonomous vehicles will become an essential part of the transportation system in IKN, which offers mobility as a service to citizens (Novianto, 2022). Apart from autonomous vehicles, IKN will also have rail-based public transportation facilities such as Light Rapid Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), and Automated Rail Rapid Transit (ART) (Lidyana, 2019; Siregar, 2020). Finally, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) will also be implemented at IKN 3 (Laksono, 2022). The basis of IKN is green mobility, where it is inevitable that gasoline and diesel car users will not be allowed to enter the area of the New Capital City of Indonesia (Herawati, 2022; Rahadiansyah, 2022) In recent years, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a new form of transportation with the potential to improve traffic safety, efficiency, and urban environment. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has reported that 90% of all vehicle accidents occur due to human errors (Fagnant & Kockelman, 2015). Therefore AVs, by eliminating human errors, could considerably reduce the number of vehicle accidents (Wang et al., 2021). AVs not only benefit to urban transportation systems, but also indicate important technological breakthroughs. The fully autonomous technology allows people to shift the focus from driving to conducting activities in vehicles, such as work, entertainment, and social interactions. For people who do not have a car, fully autonomous vehicles can offer an ideal alternative to public transportation (Tian et al., 2021). I.2 Problem Statement The world population has been increasing, people live longer, and quality of life has improved. However, even though causes of death have been changing worldwide, death caused by traffic accidents have remained as a big problem. Drivers are estimated to be the main responsible for 94% of collisions due to lack of attention (Dirsehan & Can, 2020). In Indonesia itself, there are several causes of traffic accidents that often occur, i.e., the driver is not able to control his vehicle due to technical problems in the vehicle system, the driver is unable to understand the movements of other road users caused by misunderstanding, carelessness, traffic violations to accidents, lastly i.e., the driver is unable to understand the condition of the road and its environment due to roads that do not meet development standards (Maharani, 2022).