34 as a result of the aggressive marketing of electric vehicles (EVs), as well as improvements in infrastructure, technological breakthroughs, and environmental concerns This trend indicates a wider shift towards more environmentally friendly modes of transportation and emphasises the disruptive effects of EV upselling on Indonesia's traditional car market. 5.2 Recommendations 1. Build a predictive model to estimate EV and ICEV sales trends based on economic, social, and technological variables, which are then analyzed from several aspects. This model can be helpful for policymakers and industry to plan future strategies. 2. Analyze the effectiveness of government policies. that has already been implemented in promoting EVs and their impact on ICEV sales. This study could include a comparative analysis of policies before and after the effectuation of incentives and subsidies for EVs, and their impact on market dynamics. 3. Conduct further research to understand Indonesian consumers' preferences and behavior towards EVs and ICEVs. The research includes surveys, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to gain deeper insight into the factors that affect purchasing decisions. Reference Adi, A.C. (2024) Hingga Akhir Tahun 2023, 2.704 unit Infrastruktur SIAP Ngecas Kendaraan listrik, Kementrian ESDM. Available at: https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/hingga-akhir-tahun-2023- 2704-unit-infrastruktur-siap-ngecas-kendaraan-listrik- (Accessed: 04 May 2024). Aldera, S.S. et al. (2021) ‘THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CAR USE ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN JAKARTA’. Jakarta: Global Research on Sustainable Transport & Logistics. 35 Automotive Manufacturing Industry Indonesia - Car Sales | Indonesia Investments. (2018) www.indonesia-investments.com. Available online: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries- sectors/automotive-industry/item6047?. Bharadwaj, R. (2023) Exploring the Indonesian EV Market | Bolt.Earth Blog. Bolt Earth. Available online: https://bolt.earth/blog/ev-landscape-in-indonesia. BPS (2023) Environment statistics of Indonesia 2023, Badan Pusat Statistik. Available at: https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2023/11/30/d3456ff24f1d2f2cfd0ccbb0/e nvironment-statistics-of-indonesia-2023.html (Accessed: 05 May 2024). candra, cliford septian (2022) Evaluation of Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia through Grey Ordinal Priority Approach | International Journal of Grey Systems. publish.thescienceinsight.com, [online] 2(1). Available online: https://publish.thescienceinsight.com/index.php/ijgs/article/view/46.