7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Electric Vehicles For Supporting Net Zero Emission Growing environmental concerns at all levels of society have led to a huge increase in the number of environmentally friendly automobiles. Electric Vehicles or EV are part of the green vehicle fleet for long-term emission reduction. EV are vehicles powered by electric motors or using one or more electric motors for propulsion, as opposed to traditional cars which generate power by burning a mixture of fuel and gases. After years of constant technological advancement, EV have become more affordable and tempting to environmentally conscious drivers. In recent years, car manufacturers, government agencies, and organizations from across the globe have sought innovative fuel-efficient vehicle technologies. EV are advocated as a vehicle technology for reducing conventional cars reliance on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles), PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Automobiles), and BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) are developing automotive products with the potential to advance the renewable energy vehicles sector, but at a higher purchasing price than conventional vehicles (Egbue and Long, 2012). These three kinds of electric cars are categorized according to the amount of electricity used as energy source. The number of battery electric vehicles in operation worldwide increases from 0.11 million in 2012 to 1.2 million in 2016 (Ng, M., Law, M., and Zhang, S., 2018). In 2018, the worldwide electric vehicle fleet surpassed 5,1 million, up from 2 million in 2017. Although this figure is very tiny, the International Energy Agency predicts that EV sales would range from 23 million to 43 million per year by 2030, with inventories ranging from 130 million to over 250 million cars. According to (Egbue and Long, 2012), the definition of HEVs, PHEVs, and BEVs are: 1. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Conventional hybrids combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. Using regenerative braking to convert kinetic energy into electricity, the vehicle’s braking system provides the energy necessary to replenish the battery. The car’s design incorporates non-traditional vehicle components that are intended to convert lost energy into usable fuel. HEVs begin with an electric motor and switch to gasoline as load or speed increases. Typically, HEVs store their electric 8 power in a battery. The fuel efficiency of HEVs is superior than that of conventional automobiles. HEVs are less costly to operate and emit less pollutants than comparable ICEV. 2.