7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Cloud Computing Previously, people needed to use the same computer server due to limited computing resources, and all data was only stored in one place (Wang et al., 2008). With these storage limitations, cloud computing has become a critical solution to solve this issue (Utomo, 2015). According to Wyld (2009), cloud computing is the abbreviation of “Common, Location-Independent, Online, Utility, on-Demand”. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011) stated that there are five characteristics of cloud computing, including on-demand self-service, broad network access, rapid elasticity, resource pooling, and measured service. It is an internet-based computing model where all services are easily accessible anytime, anywhere, and can be delivered in real time (Vikas et al., 2013). Cloud computing combines multiple servers to create centralized resources. This service allows users to access and use these resources flexibly without the need to interact with the service provider (Hakim, 2016; Tella, Ukwoma & Kayode, 2020). Cloud computing has offered advantages for users with its scalability, accessibility, and efficiency (Lukman and Afrianto, 2019). To this day, individuals are raising their awareness towards cloud computing for their private and public cloud utilization to share and connect with people worldwide (Khayer et al., 2020). It has made it easier for people to use it in daily situations, such as sending email and engaging in social media activities. Not to mention that the service has also attracted businesses of all sizes, ranging from micro, small, to medium-sized enterprises to start employing the services as support (Warjiyono, 2012). Not only it facilitates companies in doing digital transformation to improve performance effectiveness and enhance technology capabilities but also produces agility and continuity within them (Lutfi et al., 2022). It has provided a worthwhile feature for small and medium enterprises, enabling them to operate on smaller budgets without the necessity to internally add IT resources like hardware, software, and infrastructure. Therefore, numerous SMEs rely on external parties to help them in leveraging technology since it does not require specialized expertise (Bakri, 2020). Koleksi digital milik UPT Perpustakaan ITB : Hanya dipergunakan di area kampus ITB untuk keperluan pendidikan dan penelitian 8 2.2 Cloud Computing Services There are three main layers of cloud computing services according to Marks and Lozano (2010), encompassing cloud applications, cloud application platforms, and cloud infrastructure. These three forms can be employed in people’s everyday operational activities. The adoption of cloud computing comprises online access to resources such as platforms, apps, and infrastructure services. The cloud provider provides all the services, therefore each individual, organization, or enterprise can use and choose cloud services differently according to their data storage needs, financial allocations, and business objectives (Amron et al, 2019). Figure 2.1.