Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Orang Utans Habitat A Case Study of Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Master of Science Degree from ITC by: YERI PERMATA SARI ITB : 25405042 ITC : 16659 DOUBLE MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION 2007 Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Orang Utans Habitat A Case Study of Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia by YERI PERMATA SARI ITB : 25405042 ITC : 16659 Double Master Degree Programme Development Planning and Infrastructure Management School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Natural Resources Management, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Approved Supervisors Date: 2007 Supervisor I Supervisor II Prof. Alfred de Gier Ir. Roos Akbar, M.Sc. Ph.D (ITC Supervisor) (ITB Supervisor) Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Orang Utans Habitat A Case Study of Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia by: Yeri Permata Sari ITB : 25405042 ITC : 16659 Master Programme School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Approved Date: 2007 Head of School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Double Master Degree Programme Development Planning and Infrastructure Management School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Natural Resources Management, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (Dr. Ir. Iwan Sudradjat, MSA) Abstract Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Orang Utans Habitat A Case Study of Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia by Yeri Permata Sari ITB : 25405042 ITC: 16659 During the last twenty years, forest cover loss as well as threats towards Orang Utans habitat in Kalimantan has been increasing. There is a need to examine the influence of forest cover loss towards Orang Utans habitat in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Province, due to the lack of information for that. The effects of rivers, roads, and regional development/regional planning on forest and Orang Utans habitat loss were also analyzed with considering the reliability of different input maps. Spatial secondary data were examined by GIS overlay process, Kappa Index of Agreement, correlation and regression analysis, proximity to rivers/roads analysis, the influence of regional development/regional planning to forest and Orang Utans habitat loss. After overlaying 6 different input maps from 3 different years, 6 different results were obtained. Interpretation of Cohen’s Kappa on the 15 combinations of result maps showed very good agreement with kappa index values more than 0.800. Rate of forest loss was 0.24% per year from 1985-1990 and 1.47% from 1990-2000. Annual rate of Orang Utans habitat loss was larger than the rate of forest loss, which is 2.16% from 1989-1999 and 5.59% from 1999-2004. Forest loss has a strong relationship with Orang Utans habitat loss, as shown by the high correlation and acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Distances to rivers and roads have significant influences on forest loss and habitat loss in that the closer the distance to the rivers or roads, the larger area of forest loss and habitat loss. The causes of logging concession have taken mostly part of forest loss compared to other causes (timber concession, palm plantation, and transmigration areas). According to RTRWP, planned forests between 2000 and 2020 should be increased by 19.88%. Of the land use changes into forest that happened between 1998 and 2002, 97.62% of it has been in these planned forest areas. Keywords: forest cover loss, Orang Utans habitat, different input maps, rivers, roads, regional development, regional planning i Acknowledgements I sincerely thank the Dutch Government through NESO for awarding me the Stuned scholarship to study at ITC, Netherlands and Bappenas for the scholarship to study at ITB, Indonesia. I would also like to express very deep gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Alfred de Gier (ITC) and Dr. Roos Akbar (ITB) who spared a lot of their valuable time in giving me suggestions and comments since my research proposal writing until the accomplishment of this thesis, through their valid criticism, they have opened my thinking much more than before. I am very grateful to the ITC staff, particularly the NRM Program Director, Dr. Michael Weir who have supported me in adapting to the study environment at ITC. Many thanks to Drs. Tom Loran who has played a crucial role for the success of the double degree programme between ITC and ITB Indonesia since the preliminary time before I came to ITC. I wish the double degree programme between ITC and ITB will extend and still continue in the future. I also extend my appreciation to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF Indonesia), especially Dr. Bambang Supriyanto and my old friend, Iwan Wibisono who provided me with valuable digital spatial data for my study area, and Mr. Markus Radday of WWF Germany. My sincere gratitude also goes to my classmates for the DD programme at ITB 2005. Thanks to all ITC Indonesia students, NRM students, and classmates in FSD specialization. Specifically, I would like to thank my good friends who have shared many good ideas for developing my thesis and giving me much kindness during the whole of my Enschede life: Eugene, Putu, Elias, mas Elham, David, Onno, Raju, Yudi. I cannot forget your wonderful company as you were always there as good friends thereby making Enschede a pleasant home away from home. Thanks to Dr. Tetra Yanuariadi for supporting my study with his wise advice, as well as for mbak Wiwin, mbak Tyas, Syarif, mbak Retno, Poling, Afif, Kris. My lovely kids, mas Ole and dede Tyo, my ever caring parents, and other family members: pae, nani, bude, aunti, om kriting, yang uti, yang kung, I would like to thank you for your moral support throughout my study period. ii Guideline for Using Thesis The unpublished master theses are registered and available in the library of International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) and Institut Teknologi Bandung, and open for the public with the regulation that the copyright is on the author by following copyright regulation prevailing at ITC and Institut Teknologi Bandung. References are allowed to be recorded but the quotations or summarizations can only be made with the permission from the author and with the academic research regulation for the process of writing to mention the source. Reproducing and publishing some part or the whole of this thesis can be done with the permission from the Director of the Master’s Programme in ITC and Institut Teknologi Bandung. iii Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vi List of Tables......................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ............................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations/Acronyms............................................................................ ix 1. Introduction......................................................................................................1 1.1. Indonesian Forests....................................................................................1 1.2. Kalimantan Forests...................................................................................2 1.3. Orangutans and Habitat Fragmentation Issue ..........................................3 1.4. Regional Development and Regional Planning .......................................6 1.5.