The Possibility of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Transport Plan in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from the United Kingdom THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Master Degree from University of Groningen by: YOSEP MOHAMAD HOLIS ITB : 25405034 RUG : S1623257 DOUBLE MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING FACULTY OF SPATIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN 2007 The Possibility of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Transport Plan in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from the United Kingdom by YOSEP MOHAMAD HOLIS ITB : 25405034 RUG : S1623257 Double Master Degree Program Development Planning and Infrastructure Management School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen Approved by Supervisors Date: 2007 Supervisor I Supervisor II Prof. Dr. E.J.M.M. Arts Ir. Widiarto, MCRP, Ph.D (RuG Supervisor) (ITB Supervisor) The Possibility of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Transport Plan in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from the United Kingdom by YOSEP MOHAMAD HOLIS ITB : 25405034 RUG : S1623257 Master Programme Department of Regional and City Planning School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Approved Date: 2007 Head of Department of Regional and City Planning School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Double Master Degree Programme Development Planning and Infrastructure Management School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Science University of Groningen (Dr. Arief Rosyidie, MSP., M.Arch) i Abstract The Possibility of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Transport Plan in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from the United Kingdom by Yosep Mohamad Holis ITB : 25405034 RUG : S1623257 Currently sustainable transport development planning in Indonesia has merely taken into account environmental assessment at individual project level, while transport developments with its services have contributed on cumulative and synergistic impacts and also influenced the degradation of quality of life as well as other spatial impacts. It indicates that current environmental assessment (EIA) is deemed often too late in the decision-making process. EIA mainly react to development proposals rather than anticipate them. As a result, EIA has failed to provide environmental sustainability assurance. Thus, the limitation and failure of EIA lead to the need of assessing environmental effects at strategic level (SEA). SEA can be seen as a sustainable development tool for enhancing the effectiveness of EIA at policy, plan and program levels. SEA could give opportunities to achieve sustainable development through enabling more room for determining alternatives and giving opportunities to analyze cumulative and synergistic effects of development plans such as transport plans. Besides, in relation to decentralization, SEA can help linking horizontal and vertical authorities especially in taking into account environmental objectives and alternatives of transport development. Since Indonesian government has no experience and lack of expertise on SEA practice, learning from an experienced country is one of the ways to the effectiveness of SEA implementation for transport plans. The effectiveness of SEA implementation is influenced by several preconditions and facilitating factors. Those are political will, integration and timing, tiering, legal provision, information provided and networking/participation. Thus, the main focus of this research is exploring those preconditions and factors of SEA implementation both in the UK and in Indonesia condition. Considering those preconditions, SEA for transport plans in Indonesia could be realistic to be implemented. The results of this research consist of 2 findings. First, it explored the possibility of SEA for transport planning in Indonesia through creating an instrument/institution providing integrated transport appraisal; building coordinated-initiative which assembles road infrastructure planning and mobility planning; enhancing the role of EIMA at more strategic levels; and building good consultation mechanism by means of enhancing the role of public involvement of existing EIA to be more strategic. Second, this study built Strategic Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) to link the SEA ii implementation above with EIA for transport projects. SEMP as a preliminary study for defining road projects may strengthen the function of SEA and EIA through linking between them in achieving sustainable transport development. SEMP should loop back problem definition from project planning to strategic transport decision vice versa. SEMP with transport project definition could give environmental information of transport development for subsequent environmental assessment at project level (EIA). Besides, SEA and EIA with their linkage can assist environmental management in decentralized-transport development among different planning levels. To provide necessary support for initiating and carrying out the SEA implementation above, encouraging the recognition of the need of SEA from elected decision makers, politician and public is important for Indonesia who has no SEA experience (political will). Another potential factor is amending current Environmental Management Act which has arranged environmental assessment at a more strategic level as a good precondition. Keywords: SEA for transport plans, preconditions for the SEA implementation, Indonesia Transport planning, the UK transport planning iii Guideline for Using Thesis The unpublished master theses are registered and available in the library of the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung, and open for the public with the regulation that the copyright is on the author by following copyright regulation prevailing at the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung. References are allowed to be recorded but the quotations or summarizations can only be made with the permission from the author and with the academic research regulation for the process of writing to mention the source. Reproducing and publishing some part or the whole of this thesis can be done with the permission from the Director of the Master’s Programme in the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung. iv Preface When I was studying Environmental Planning Course in RUG, I was interested with Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). SEA could be said as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) applied at policies, plans, and it has been applied internationally. SEA could be applied as a complement for EIA in achieving sustainable development goal. Since Indonesia has no SEA experience at all, this new insight has triggered me to deeply study SEA. Thus, the focus on this research is exploring the possibility of implementing SEA for transport planning, which has a wide influence on environment, socio and economic aspects. So, it hopefully can contribute to the improvement of environmental management system of transport development in Indonesia. I realized that successfully finishing this thesis in time is impossible without support from any parties. In this opportunity, I would like to thank to Allah SWT for blessing me to give opportunity for studying in ITB-RUG and finishing my thesis. Then, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. E.J.M.M. Arts and Ir. Widiarto, MCRP; PhD as my supervisors for giving me advice, comment, knowledge, who always encourage my motivation and also stimulate my inspirations during writing my thesis. And I would like also to thank all lecturers both in ITB and RUG who gave me valuable knowledge and insight about Environmental and Infrastructure Planning. I hope this knowledge could be useful for me and my institution. Many thanks also are addressed to BAPPENAS, The Netherlands Government, UPT-Bahasa ITB and my institution BAPPEDA Lebak which gave me opportunity to study in ITB-RUG. I would like also to thank all my friends of DD ITB-RUG’05, Degromiest and PPIG who always make me feel like at home in Groningen. Many thank are devoted also to my families in Garut and Banten for all the support and prayers. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my beloved wife Teti and my little daughter Shabrina. You are my inspiration indeed and you always raise me up when I am feeling down so that I am strong here.