xii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... i ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................... ii THE GUIDANCE FOR USING THE THESIS ................................................................. vi STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... xi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. xii LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. i LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. iii Chapter I Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 I.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1 I.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 2 I.3 Research Objectives ..................................................................................... 3 I.4 Research Questions ...................................................................................... 3 I.5 Research approach and methods .................................................................. 4 I.6 Key assumptions and research limitations ................................................... 4 Chapter II Literature Review ........................................................................................... 6 II.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 II.2 Brief about Nickel Mining in Indonesia ...................................................... 6 II.3 Theoretical Background ............................................................................... 7 II.3.1 Sustainability Science .................................................................. 7 II.3.1 Scenario Planning ........................................................................ 8 II.4 Past Studies on “Sustainable Nickel Mining” ............................................ 13 II.5.1 Environmental Impact of Nickel Mining ................................... 13 II.5.2 Economic Benefit of Nickel Mining .......................................... 13 II.5.3 Technological Advancements in Sustainable Nickel Mining .... 14 II.5.4 Social Implications of Sustainable Nickel Mining .................... 14 II.5 Past Studies on “Indonesia Nickel Mining” ............................................... 17 II.6 Proposed Research .....................................................................................